![]() However, PSs cannot directly generate ROS from X-rays. This problem can be solved by using X-rays as an irradiation source since the penetration depth of X-ray radiation reaches up to 40 cm. This leads to the fact that only small superficial tumors can be treated within conventional PDT. Traditional visible light used in PDT (spectral range 400–700 nm) is limited to superficial lesions, and the penetration depth of light does not exceed 1 cm. Therefore, researchers are trying to increase the efficiency of PDT, especially by searching for biocompatible photosensitizers and new irradiation sources. However, with all the advantages of PDT, its use in the fight against deep-seated and volume tumors is ineffective. The advantage of PDT in comparison with conventional treatment modalities lies in the preservation of the integrity of the functional state of the organ in which the tumor process develops, as well as the absence of a negative effect on the general condition of the patient. ROS play an important role in the destruction of cancer cells, where singlet oxygen 1O 2 is a key cytotoxic agent in photodynamic tumor damage. The irradiation of the target tissue with visible or near-infrared light of a certain wavelength activates PS, which leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Typically, PS is injected into a patient’s body and then selectively accumulates in the tumor tissue. PDT includes three main components: a photosensitizer (PS), oxygen, and a light source. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved therapeutic modality for the treatment of several types of cancer, infections, and some other diseases. The biodistribution of the synthesized nanoparticles in mice after intravenous administration was studied by in vivo CT imaging. Upon X-ray irradiation of the colloidal PEG-capped GdF 3:Tb 3+–Rose Bengal nanocomposite solution, an efficient fluorescent resonant energy transfer between scintillating nanoparticles and Rose Bengal was detected. The presence of a polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating and Rose Bengal conjugates was proved by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and ultraviolet–visible (UV-vis) analysis. The structure, particle size, and morphology were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. All synthesized nanoparticles had an elongated “spindle-like” clustered morphology with an orthorhombic structure. Scintillating GdF 3:Tb 3+ nanoparticles were synthesized by a facile and cost-effective wet chemical precipitation method. Sinck L, Richer D, Howard J, Alexander M, Purcell DF, Marquet R, Paillart J-C (2007) In vitro dimerization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) spliced RNAs.Herein we report the development of a nanocomposite for X-ray-induced photodynamic therapy (X-PDT) and computed tomography (CT) based on PEG-capped GdF 3:Tb 3+ scintillating nanoparticles conjugated with Rose Bengal photosensitizer via electrostatic interactions. Virology 454:362–370Ībd El-Wahab EW, Smyth RP, Mailler E, Bernacchi S, Vivet-Boudou V, Hijnen M, Jossinet F, Mak J, Paillart J-C, Marquet R (2014) Specific recognition of the HIV-1 genomic RNA by the gag precursor. Kuzembayeva M, Dilley K, Sardo L, Hu WS (2014) Life of psi: how full-length HIV-1 RNAs become packaged genomes in the viral particles. Mailler E, Bernacchi S, Marquet R, Paillart J-C, Vivet-Boudou V, Smyth RP (2016) The life cycle of the HIV-1 gag-RNA complex. Paillart J-C, Shehu-Xhilaga M, Marquet R, Mak J (2004) Dimerization of retroviral RNA genomes: an inseparable pair. Maguire CM, Rösslein M, Wickc P, Prina-Mello A (2018) Characterisation of particles in solution – a perspective on light scattering and comparative technologies. Patel TR, Chojnowski G, Koul A, McKenna SA, Bujnicki JM (2017) Structural studies of RNA-protein complexes: a hybrid approach involving hydrodynamics, scattering, and computational methods. Adv Biophys 3:1–43įriksen B (2001) Revisiting the method of cumulants for the analysis of dynamic light scattering data. A new tool for the dynamic study of biological macromolecules. Series 9:781–785įujime S (1972) Quasi-elastic scattering laser light. Sutherland W (1905) A dynamical theory of diffusion for non-electrolytes and the molecular mass of albumin. Wyatt PJ (1993) Light scattering and the absolute characterization of macromolecules. Mie G (1908) Beitrage zur Optik trüber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metallosungen. Series 275:447–454Įinstein A (1905) über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt. Strutt JW (1871) On the scattering of the light by small particles.
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